Microsoft Corporation An American Based Multinational...

Microsoft Corporation, or Microsoft, is an American-based multinational technology company that develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics, and personal computers and services (Microsoft). It is the world’s largest software maker by revenue, and one of the world’s most valuable companies (Magazine, V.F.). Paul Allen and Bill Gates founded Microsoft on April 4, 1975, to develop and sell BASIC computers for Altair 8800 (Microsoft). The current CEO is Satya Nadella, Brad Smith is the current President, and Bill Gates now serves the company as a technology advisor. The corporation is headquartered in Redmond, Washington, on the Microsoft Redmond campus. Since its inception, Microsoft’s industry has expanded to include computer software, computer hardware, consumer electronics and digital distribution (Facts). Microsoft’s product line is highly diverse and handled by divisions. The Client Division handles the Windows OS line, such as Window 7, 8, and 10; while Server and Tools produces the server versions of Windows, as well as development tools such as Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft Silverlight, System Configuration Manager, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Exchange Server, Small Business Server, and Microsoft BizTalk Server. Also included in the Server and Tools Division are IT consulting and Microsoft’s certification programs. These certifications include Microsoft Certified Solution Developer, Microsoft Certified SystemsShow MoreRelatedTaxation And How Tax Avoidance Impacts On Various Communication Channels1054 Words   |  5 Pagesbenefit both the society and business as a whole. However, the developed countries worldwide faces with the multinational enterprises (MNE’s) tax avoidance practices that are the main ‘headaches’ of government these days (me, year). 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Case Study Bass Pro Shops Essay - 726 Words

Case Study: Bass Pro Shops Bass Pro Shops is a privately held sporting goods and outdoor goods store headquartered in Springfield, Missouri. In addition to the Outdoor World store, Bass Pro Shops has over 15 large retail stores in the U.S. It also owns and operates subsidiaries such as Tracker Boats, Big Cedar Lodge, and Redhead. Bass Pro Shops is known for a large selection of hunting, fishing, and other outdoor gear. History Founded by John Morris in 1972, Bass Pro Shops was born out of a fishing tackle business that sold homemade bait and worms, located in the back of a Brown Derby liquor store. Bass Pro Shops mailed its first catalog in 1974. It soon became the worlds largest mail order sporting goods store. In 1984,†¦show more content†¦include R.E.I., Cabelas, Eastern Mountain Sports, Gander Mountain, L.L. 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Laboratory Report †Recovery of Grip Strength Following Cold Water Immersion Free Essays

Abstract The research here has looked at the impact that cold water immersion has on the physical performance of athletes and the way in which this immersion can impact on fatigue. The results showed that cold water immersion has a direct impact on the level of fatigue with those that have used cold water immersion will show less fatigue and will perceive themselves to be using less energy in achieving the same grip. Introduction The purpose of this practical experiment is to look in more detail at the use of cold immersion as a means of dealing with a variety of problems such as pain and trauma. We will write a custom essay sample on Laboratory Report – Recovery of Grip Strength Following Cold Water Immersion or any similar topic only for you Order Now The aim of this research is to look at how cold immersion can be used as part of the treatment of athletes (Bell, et al 1987). Issues associated with cold immersion have many potential applications both in terms of dealing with injuries, rehabilitation as well as encouraging recovery from exertion in a relatively quick manner. The background literature will be drawn upon in relation to this issue, in order to focus on the precise information that is expected to be gleaned from the chosen laboratory report. However, it is important to note, at this early stage, that the main aim of the experiment undertaken here is to focus is on looking at the recovery of grip strength when an individual has their hands immersed in cold water. The subjects involved were not those with injuries and therefore the primary focus is on the impact that cold water immersion has on the grip of an individual where there is no injury present; the principle, however, could potentially have a broader application in the context of recovery following exertion, or where there is an injury present (Halvorson, 1990). Sports related injuries have increased, in recent years, as more people are participating in recreational sports as well as an increase in opportunities to enjoy sports on a more competitive basis. With this in mind, the possible treatment of injuries or indeed the prevention of injuries is of increasing concern, not only to those who participate in sporting activities, but also to the National Health Service itself which is allocating an increasing amount of resources to treating those with sporting injuries which could have potentially been prevented or at least treated more immediately, without the requirement for medical intervention. The treatment of cold water immersion is therefore seen as particularly relevant to this discussion, as it is a self-help treatment which could be undertaken by any individual, without the need for medical intervention. Furthermore, where there are particular signs of success in using this treatment, it may be possible for injury to either be prevented, or the impact of these injuries diminished, to such an extent that savings are made within the Health Service. The experiment here looked at whether or not there is an effect on muscle fatigue, as well as considering the subjective impression that the individuals had over their fatigue, with the individuals undertaking handgrip contractions with cold immersion happening in between effective exercises (Johnson et al 1990). Not only is the actual physical level of the grip looked at as part of the experiment, but also the perceptions of the individuals, as this is also thought to be an important aspect of treating sports’ injuries. By looking at the perceptions that an individual has about their own strength and ability to maintain a strong handgrip, as well as measuring the physical level of strength they are displaying, any discrepancies can be identified. This, again, presents a potential argument that individuals who have been treated in a certain way will perceive themselves to be in a better place, or more able to undertake sporting activity, even when it may not necessarily be reflected in their physical status. In order to gain the relevant information from the experiment being undertaken here, it is first necessary to look at previous literature in the area of cold water immersion, with reference to both recovery time and recovery from injury. Much of the previous research which has focussed on sports rehabilitation has considered the success of various different sports rehabilitation programmes in relation to one particular area of injury, such as tendonitis related injuries. Moreover, when focusing on the ability of an individual to recover from such a sports injury, the literature typically takes a broader view than simply looking at one technique such as cold water immersion. For example, in the paper undertaken by Levy et al., in 2009, the focus is placed on five areas that would be relevant to recovery from a sports injury, namely confidence, coping, social support, motivation and pain, indicating that an individual’s ability to recover from a sports injury or to fend off fati gue would depend as much on surrounding factors and emotional issues, as it does on physical treatment (Levy, et al 2009). In this context and applying this to the current research, it would be expected that looking at the perceived level of exertion being displayed by the subjects would offer information as to whether or not the general emotional strength of the individual has a bearing on the level of fatigue experienced and the reaction to cold water treatment (Halvorson, 1990). Distinctions have been found in previous literature in this area in relation to the way in which professional athletes or those with a particular affiliation with a sport will undergo a recovery period, in comparison to individuals who simply participate in sports activities, from a recreational perspective. This would suggest that those primarily involved in rehabilitation from a recreational point of view will be focused more on the reduction of pain, rather than from the standpoint of enhancing performance. Bearing this in mind, it could be argued that the reaction to cold water immersion may well vary, depending on the underlying goals of those involved. For example, a professional athlete may be more motivated to ensure consistently strong athletic performances and will therefore be less likely to experience fatigue, whereas those who are more recreational in their attitude may be less likely to push themselves in terms of the level of exertion that they display. Methods All specific procedures were followed according to the Coventry University laboratory manual. The experiment involved 20 maximal handgrip contractions with a rest period of 20 seconds between each exercise, followed by 2 minutes of the hand being submerged in water which was either 5 ° or 20 ° temperature; then a further 20 maximal hand grips were used. A 20 minute rest period was then had while another group would undertake their exercise, before completing the exercise all over again. Throughout this process, the force being generated with each contraction was recorded, in order to gain an understanding as to whether the immersion treatment would improve the situation, or not. All of this is done without physical intervention from the tester at any point. By undertaking twenty separate periods of exertion and taking the average of each individual participant, it will be possible to gain an understanding of general trends associated with cold water immersion and the impact that this type of treatment can have on the regular activities undertaken by the individuals. Using both water immersion at 5 ° and 20 ° will also enable a meaningful comparison between cold water immersion and warm water immersion. Indeed, it could potentially be argued that any form of treatment may have an impact on the perceptions of the individual patient. In this case, averages were taken in order to allow for a meaningful analysis to be completed; however, it may be necessary to look at any instances of individuals who show unusual results, so as not to have the effect of skewing the overall results. It is also noted that a different set of individuals needed to studied, in the context of the impact of immersion in both cold and warm water and again this may have an impact on the results. Although both sets of individuals were subjected to the same test conditions and were asked to perform the test, both prior to and after exertion, so that the differential could be compared i n a meaningful manner, this may be particularly relevant when it comes to the rate of perceived exertion, as perceptions are clearly more of an individual factor that will vary from person to person. RPE (Rating of Perceived Exertion) was also recorded to identify any difference between actual and perceived levels of fatigue). RPE was obtained for each individual, both before and after immersion in cold or warm water, depending on the individual being questioned. This was done as an overall figure, rather than after every individual immersion, as there were concerns that if the individual was asked several times about their perceived level of exertion, they would begin to answer without careful thought and simply respond based on their previous response, rather than as a meaningful assessment of the level of exertion displayed. Results The results of the experiments are discussed here with graphical and quantitative representation included in the appendix. A total of 16 individuals (in 2 groups of 8) were used as part of the experiment involving both warm and cold water, with the level of exertion recorded throughout. When looking at the average level of exertion across all 20 grips and eight individuals (in total 160 results), the average before being immersed in warm water was not significantly higher than the average after being immersed in warm water, with a difference of just 0 .12; interestingly, the perceived level of exertion actually increased by a not particularly substantial 0.6. When looking at the level of force being displayed by the eight individuals who immersed their hands in warm water, prior to the immersion, it could be seen that there was a relatively wide variance even among the subjects themselves, with one person showing an average force of 23.5 and another showing an average force of 50.05. However, when looking, in more detail, at the individual 20 different tests taken by these individuals, there was a relatively high level of consistency across each of the 20 grip tests. For example, the subject who showed the low average of 23.5 displayed the highest force of 27 and the lowest of 20, showing that the average of 23.5 was in fact a fair reflection of their own grip, albeit substantially less powerful than the other subjects in the experiment. In contrast, the position in relation to those who had immersed their hands in cold water showed an increase in the level of the average force which increased by 1.7. There was also a trend in the perceived level of exertion, indicating that those individuals who had been immersed in cold water and who had a higher level of force after the immersion did not actually perceive themselves to be working any harder a statement which is supported by the earlier research undertaken by Tomlin and Wenger in 2001. This suggests that the immersion in cold water showed more consistent results when it came to the perception of exertion being used, with the subjects on average showing no fatigue. Despite this, only one of the subjects stated that they found no difference in the level of exertion between before and after immersion, with all other subjects showing either a slight increase or a decrease. On average, however, when looking at all of the subjects, there was no difference in the overall level of perceived exertion. As was the case with those subjected to warm water immersion, all subjects showed generally a higher level of force, with one of the individuals showing an average force of 48.1, prior to immersion, and another showing 24.55, prior to immersion. This indicates that there were substantial variations amongst the subjects and, as such, taking averages was perceived as being the most appropriate method when looking at the overall impact of immersion, without having to take account of individual strengths and weaknesses. Discussion The results produced during this laboratory experiment indicate that the use of cold water immersion can decrease the level of perceived effort, to such an extent that greater strength can then be displayed by individuals when completing a handgrip (Halvorson, 1990). This is despite the fact that the individuals undertaking the experiment did not perceive themselves to be using greater exertion, after their hands had been immersed in cold water. It also became readily apparent that immersion in cold water had an impact on the level of fatigue experienced and the ability of the subjects to recover from exertion. Despite the fact that the respondents said that they, on average, experienced no difference in the level of perceived exertion, there was a clear indication that they were able to display more force after immersion in cold water than they were beforehand which supports the findings of Sanders in 1996. Similar results were not shown in the case of warm water immersion and very little change was experienced in the actual level of exertion, and the perceived level of exertion actually increased. Applying this to the background literature and understanding, it could be seen that the main result ascertained from this laboratory experiment is that cold water immersion decreases the â€Å"normal† levels of fatigue and allows for quicker recovery, post exercise (Johnson et al 1979). These results suggest that there is merit in the argument that the use of cold water immersion can improve athletic performance, as individuals are able to show greater strength and force, without increasing their level of perceived exertion. With this in mind, it is suggested that cold water immersion be explored, in greater detail, as a means of improving athletic performance. It is also suggested from these results that cold water immersion could have broader applications for the treatment of injury or pain, although the experiment here is focussed on the level of strength and impact on fatigue. Applying these findings, alongside the background understanding, allows this report to suggest that cold water immersion could be used as a means of treating sports injuries, or those suffering from muscle fatigue following sporting activity. As cold water immersion would ultimately allow an individual to recover from exertion at a quicker rate, it would then be possible to argue that the same physical benefits could be obtained during the use of the cold water immersion when dealing with the recovery from injury or, indeed, the prevention of injury, by reducing the level of fatigue experienced. Conclusions The laboratory experiment undertaken during this research looked specifically at the impact that water immersion has on an individual’s ability to grip forcefully, by looking at a set of individuals who immersed their hands in warm and in cold water. Through comparing the level of force that they were able to display, it was possible to ascertain whether or not any trends are emerging in terms of the level of fatigue experienced and how cold water immersion would have an impact on this. It was found that those who had immersed their hands in cold water experienced less fatigue in their grip and, importantly, their own perception of exertion being exercised, thus indicating that it is not only the actual level of grip that increases, but also the fact that they perceived that their level of exertion had not changed during the test. It was concluded, therefore, that the use of cold water immersion can not only offer solutions for those experiencing fatigue, but also for those looking to increase the sustainability of athletic performance, over a longer period of time. The results of this experiment also need to be considered in the context of the literature presented previously, which suggests that the level of recovery and reaction to fatigue may depend on the motivations of the individuals involved, with professional athletes being more likely to react positively to such activities. References (other research looking at this issue is detailed below): Bell, A.T., Horton, P.G., 1987. The uses and abuse of hydrotherapy in athletics: a review. Athletic Training 22 (2), 115–119. Byerly, P. N., Worrell, T., Gahimer, J., Domholdt, E. (1994). Rehabilitation compliance in anathletic training environment. Journal of Athletic Training, 29, 352-355. Halvorson, G.A., 1990. Therapeutic heat and cold for athletic injuries. Physician and Sportsmedicine 18 (5), 87–92 Johnson, D.J., Moore, S., Moore, J., Olive, R.A., 1979. Effect of cold submersion on intramuscular temperature of the gastrocnemius muscle. Physical Therapy 59, 1238–1242 Levy, A., Polman, R, Nicholls, A and Marchant, D (2009) Sports Injury Rehabilitation Adherence: Perspectives of Recreational Athletes. ISSP 7: 212:229 Sanders, J. (1996). Effect of contrast-temperature immersion on recovery from short-duration intense exercise, Unpublished thesis, Bachelor of applied Science, University of Canberra Tomlin, D.L., Wenger, H.A., 2001. The relationship between aerobic ?tness and recovery from high intensity intermittent exercise. Sports Medicine 31 (1), 1–11 How to cite Laboratory Report – Recovery of Grip Strength Following Cold Water Immersion, Essay examples

The Long-Term Effect of Stroke Systems Free-Samples for Students

Question: Give a Detailed Explanation of the Pathophysiology/Pathogenesis of the disease of the Case Patient. Answer: Introduction Cerebrovascular accident refers to the medical term that is used for stroke. Stroke occurs due to the poor blood flow in the brain, which causes the cell death (Berkhemer et al. 2015). Stroke is of two types that are ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke occurs due to the reduced blood flow. On the other hand, the hemorrhagic stroke occurs due to the bleeding. However, cerebrovascular accident or stroke has various signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms show the inability of the brain. In the assignment, the pathophysiology and pharmacology are discussed. Cerebrovascular accidents have various signs and symptoms that are discussed. The next section discusses about the rationale of the cerebrovascular accident. Explanation of pathopysiology and pharmacology Pathophysiology of cerebrovascular accident: George and Steinberg (2015) mentioned that the main reason of ischemic stroke can be blood clot. This occurs when the artery affected or damaged that is called thrombosis. The arterial wall became blocked that leads to damage. Therefore, the blood vessel network became hampered. The single artery damage can cause the hampered blood circulation network. On the other hand, Bivard et al. (2014) stated that the arteries became harden that is known as the artherosclerosis. The damage of the arteries and the natural variation in collateral network helps to prevent collateral system from the compensating completely. This can result the loss of perfusion, blood supply to the brain. Arteriovenous malformation can cause of the abnormal tangles of the blood vessels. In such condition, the blood flow occurs from the veins to the arteries. Therefore, the flow of blood blocked and damage of the brain tissues occur. In case of haemorrhagic stroke, the bleeding occurs due to the head trauma. The aneurysm ruptures that causes the bleeding. The bleeding occurs in between the innermost meninges, arachnoid mater and pia mater. Vasopasm that is the construction of arteries can help to reduce the bleeding, which is hampered. The brain tissues fail to respond as the blood pressures increases highly. Kim, Kawabori and Yenari (2014) mentioned that stroke mainly happens due to the hypertension. Brain tumors and blood clotting disorder can cause the stroke in the patient. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the effects of the hypertension and other causes of stroke. Pharmacology of cerebrovascular accident: The pharmacologic therapy includes stroke specific treatment and the stroke prevention. However, Foushee et al. (2014) mentioned that the type of pharmacology depends on the type of stroke that is ischemic or haemorrhagic. In case of the ischemic stroke, the pharmacotherapeutic treatment includes the plasminogen activator and antiplatelet agents. On the other hand, the hemorrhagic stroke includes the control of blood pressure and the intracranial pressure. To treat the ischemic stroke, the IV tPA agents are used that the FDA approves. The tPA is very effective to control the ischemic stroke. Oppelt et al. (2014) mentioned that the patient who is affected by the ischemic stroke, needs to be treated within 3 hours of the attack. This will help to reduce the effect the stroke attack. In case of hemorrhagic stroke, surgery may be needed if the condition of the patient is serious. In case of non-surgical condition, the medication of IV vitamin K is necessary. The nurse should provide aspi rin as earlier as possible to prevent the effects of stoke. In some cases, plasminogen activator is used as an injection, which is administered in the arm of the patient. Signs and symptoms Stroke has various signs and symptoms that include problem in movement. The patient may feel problem to move. Sometimes the patient may feel problem on one side of the body that is problem in movement. Hayek et al. (2014) stated that the patient feels problem in speaking. Sometimes the loss of vision occurs. The patient can feel like that the world is spinning. The signs and symptoms of the patient may occur soon after the stroke. Zeng et al. (2016) mentioned that when the symptoms of the stroke stay for more than 1 to 2 hours, it is called as the transient ischemic attack. On the other hand, Palmerini et al. (2015) opined that in case of hemorrhagic stroke, the patient may have severe headache. The symptoms of stroke can last for the long time. In case of long-term effect, the patient may suffer from pneumonia and loss of bladder control. The risk factors of stroke are high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, obesity, atrial fibrillation. Gruber, Lee and Moreno-Walton (2016) added that another risk factors of the stroke are the malpractice of tobacco smoking, previous TIA and diabetes mellitus. In case of ischemic stroke, the blood vessels ma ruptured, which can cause the bleeding. As a result, stroke occurs in the patient. When stroke occurs, the patient may faint and sweating may occur. In the case study, the daughter of Gretas friend is suffering from cerebrovascular accident. George and Steinberg (2015) stated that the bleeding causes the hemorrhagic stroke. It can happen due to the space in between the membrane space in the brain. The brain aneurysm can ruptured, which may result the stroke. The patient felt onset face weakness, abnormal speech and problem in arm drift. When these three symptoms are less, it means that the risk of stroke is decreasing. The patient faces the hemiplegia with the muscle weakness of face. In addition, the patient losses the vibration sensitivity and the symptoms of excessive reflexes occurs. in the case scenario, one side of the body of the patient is affected and the patient cannot move its head to one side as well as the body. The patient faced the apraxia, memory deficits, dysarthria, hemineglect and lack of eyesight. Hemineglect refers to the involvement of the parietal lobe. The patient lost consciousness and vomiting as the int racranial pressure increased. From the signs and symptoms, the condition of the patient is seen, which can be fatal for the patient. Rationale In case of stroke, the nurse can provide aspirin so that the ischemic stroke can be prevented. Aspirin can provide relief to the patient. In the emergency case, the injection may be administered to avoid the blockage. In some cases, surgery may be needed. In case of hemorrhagic stroke, the nurse needs to provide medication to reduce the high blood pressure. In such circumstances, the brain surgery can occur to reduce the pressure created in the brain. The surgery can repair the blood vessels of the brain, which is ruptured. The key responsibilities of nurse in case of stroke to administer the medication include the followings: Nursing responsibilities Rationale Check the blood pressure Before and after applying the medication, the blood pressure of the patient needs to be checked. The application of aspirin can reduce the high blood pressure and increase the blood flow in brain. Check the proper administration of medication including drugs and injections Before applying the aspirin or other drugs and tPA injection, the nurse needs to recheck. The drugs may have adverse effects on the patient and as a result, the condition may be worse from the previous time. Check the symptoms of the patient The medication and injection should be provided after detecting the signs and symptoms of the stroke. As stroke is of two types therefore, the medication system is different for both the stroke. Check the route and dosage of the medication administration Before administer the drug, the nurse needs to check the dosage and route. However, Kim, Kawabori and Yenari (2014) mentioned that the dosage should be applied in a safe level. Overdose of the medication can be fatal for the patient. Take the consent of the patient and family members For the ethical consideration, the nurse needs to take the concern of the family members and patient (if possible). Check the medication of the patient that is taken by the patient earlier The nurse needs to check the medical history of the patient that will help to know the reason of the stroke. Moreover, the dosage of the past medical history should be checked. The medicines can increase the blood pressure of the patient. As a result, the function of brain tissues can be affected. Observe the patient after medication As the medication is done to reduce the effect of stroke, the nurse needs to monitor the patient that will help to develop the patients health. Necessity of surgery After providing the medication, observation is necessary to check the condition of the patient. if the condition does not develop, the patient may need of surgery that will help to reduce the negative effect cerebrovascular accident or stroke. Table 1: Rationale of cerebrovascular accident Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it can be said that stroke is fatal and it can make the patient bed ridden for lifetime. The signs and symptoms of strokes need to be detected in the early stage of the stroke. If the stroke can be determined in the early stage then the chance of mortality and paralysis reduces. Moreover, the type of stroke is necessary to identify. The pharmacological treatment depends on the type of stroke. For this purpose, various tests need to be done. 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